Perceptions of Pharmacy students about their competences for professional practice in community pharmacy

Abstract Pharmaceutical education should enable the development of competences for community pharmacy practice, which is an important field for the pharmacist workforce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the competences perceived by pharmacy interns from a Brazilian pharmacy school for community pharmacy practice. This study adopted a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. The study cohort included undergraduate students who undertook internships in community pharmacy in the final year of the pharmacy course. Students responded to an 11-item structured questionnaire according to a five-point Likert scale that included perceptions of their competences for community pharmacy practice. Among the 693 possible answers, 605 (87.3%) agreed that the course promoted the development of competences for professional practice in community pharmacy. Less than 70% of students perceived themselves as prepared to respond to symptoms and provide non-prescription medicines. Qualitative analysis of the comments revealed three themes: the need to improve patient information skills, improve practice as a member of a health care team, and improve dispensing according to legal requirements. These findings may support improvements in undergraduate pharmacy programs, such as the inclusion of experiential learning, active learning methods, interprofessional education, and development of clinical skills.

Análise das características e tendências do mercado da formação de farmacêuticos no Brasil / Analisys of the characteristics and trends of pharmacist training market in Brazil

A presente pesquisa tem como foco a graduação do farmacêutico. Com o intuito de estudar o mercado educacional do curso de Farmácia, buscou-se analisar a oferta de cursos e vagas desta profissão, a legislação pertinente ao ensino superior do Brasil e do ensino em farmácia, além da atualização da DCN pertencentes a este curso. As justificativas para realização deste estudo estão baseadas em quatro argumentos interligados, como a importância da formação de recursos humanos para saúde, as mudanças ocorridas no perfil curricular desse curso nos últimos anos, o papel das instituições de ensino privado e o aparecimento e crescimento da modalidade EAD, sendo observadas as tendências para o mercado de formação dessa categoria profissional. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório utilizando uma abordagem quali-quantitativa com associação de duas estratégias metodológicas: a combinação de pesquisa bibliográfica e narrativa sobre as características e tendências da formação do farmacêutico em nosso país, e a coleta de dados através do site do e-MEC. Os resultados da pesquisa junto ao site do e-MEC evidenciaram um total de 811 cursos de Farmácia divididos em 752 presenciais tanto em instituições públicas quanto privadas; já na modalidade EAD, foram encontrados 59, todos em instituições privadas. Em janeiro de 2021 foram ofertadas 107.786 vagas na modalidade presencial e 194.433 EAD, totalizando 302.219 vagas. Considerando a organização acadêmica dos cursos presenciais, a pesquisa encontrou a maior parte em faculdades totalizando 273; O mercado educacional para o curso de farmácia teve sua expansão durante os anos 1930 juntamente com políticas voltadas para o crescimento do setor farmo-químico no país. Nos últimos anos, ocorreram inúmeras mudanças nas políticas de ensino superior, como o crescimento da oferta de vagas em IES privadas com incentivos do governo federal como o FIES e o PROUNI. Este período foi marcado pelo crescimento acelerado do número de cursos, vagas, modalidades de ensino e matrículas, além da diversidade de instituições que pertencem ao sistema de ensino superior do Brasil. O ensino à distância ganhou visibilidade com o avançar da globalização e a criação de novas tecnologias voltadas para a educação. As mudanças no setor educacional permitiram mostrar a importância de pesquisar a formação de recursos humanos, a necessidade de políticas, diretrizes e estratégias que atendam à população e aos serviços de saúde, evitando assim a escassez de recursos humanos para o setor saúde, garantindo o acesso universal e integral como proposto na Lei no 8.080. A pandemia do COVID-19 destacou a importância do farmacêutico em relação ao uso racional de medicamentos e de uma formação qualificada que possa garantir a assistência farmacêutica.

The focus of this study is on pharmacist graduation. To analyze the educational market for the Pharmacy course, we looked at the supply of courses and places in this field, as well as the regulations governing higher education in Brazil and pharmacy education, as well as the DCN for this degree. The study's justifications are based on four interconnected arguments, including the importance of human resources training for health, changes in the curricular profile of this course in recent years, the role of private educational institutions, and the emergence and growth of distance education, as well as trends in the training market for this professional category. This is a descriptive and exploratory study that uses a quali-quantitative approach and combines two methodological strategies: a combination of bibliographic and narrative research on the characteristics and trends of pharmacist education in our country, as well as data collection through the e-MEC website. The survey found a total of 811 Pharmacy courses, divided into 752 face-to-face courses in both public and private institutions, and 59 distance learning courses, all in private institutions, on the e-MEC website. In January 2021, 107,786 on-site places and 194,433 distance learning vacancies were available, amounting 302,219 places. During the 1930s, the educational market for pharmacy courses grew in line with policies aimed at expanding the pharmochemical sector in the country. There have been several changes in higher education regulations in recent years, such as the increase of vacancies in private HEIs with federal government incentives like FIES and PROUNI. The number of courses, vacancies, education modalities, and enrollments increased rapidly throughout this period, as did the diversity of institutions that make up Brazil's higher education system. With the advancement of globalization and the introduction of new educational technology, distance learning has become more visible. The changes in the educational sector highlight the importance of studying human resource formation, as well as the need for policies, guidelines, and strategies that benefit the population and health services, avoiding a human resource shortage in the health sector and ensuring universal and integral access, as proposed in Law 8.080. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity of pharmacists in terms of medication rationalization and specialized training that can ensure pharmaceutical assistance.

Conhecimento sobre Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS) dos alunos do curso de Farmácia e de colaboradores do setor de hotelaria em uma instituição de ensino superior (IES) / Knowledge about Health service Waste Management Plan (PGRSS) among pharmacy students and hospitality sector collaborations in a Higher Education Institution (HEI)

O aumento na demanda de produção de resíduos tem se destacado e se tornou uma das maiores preocupações tanto ambientais quanto para bem-estar da saúde humana. Desses resíduos produzidos, destacam-se aqueles do serviço de saúde, que são os materiais advindos de hospitais, laboratórios médicos e de pesquisas como, por exemplo, os considerados potencialmente infectantes e perfurocortantes, podendo trazer riscos à saúde humana. Visando garantir a destinação final correta desses resíduos, foi instaurada a obrigatoriedade da elaboração do Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde (PGRSS) pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), por meio da atual RDC Nº 222 de 28 de março de 2018. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o conhecimento sobre PGRSS dos alunos do curso de Farmácia e dos colaboradores do setor de hotelaria de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES). O estudo foi do tipo observacional transversal com aplicação de um questionário com uma amostra de 102 alunos graduandos do curso de Farmácia e 15 colaboradores do setor de hotelaria da Faculdade de Medicina de Campos (FMC). Os resultados mostraram que 66% da população dizem saber o que é Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS), mas somente 6,8% souberam classificar corretamente o tipo de resíduo com sua classificação, comprovando a necessidade de englobar o assunto gerenciamento de resíduos na formação dos alunos e na melhoria da capacitação dos colaboradores, a fim de formar profissionais conscientes e responsáveis com a saúde pública e do meio ambiente.

Increasing demand for waste production has stood out and has become a major concern for both environmental and human health well-being. Of these produced wastes, we highlight those from the health service, which are the materials coming from hospitals, medical laboratories and research, such as those considered potentially infectious and sharps, which may pose risks to human health. In order to ensure the correct disposal of these wastes, the establishment of the Health Service Waste Management Plan (PGRSS) by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) was established by means of the current RDC No. 222 of 28 March 2018. Thus, the aim of this paper is to describe the knowledge about PGRSS of Pharmacy students and hospitality sector employees of a Higher Education Institution (HEI). This was a cross-sectional observational study with the application of a questionnaire with a sample of 102 undergraduate students from the Pharmacy course and 15 employees from the hospitality sector of the Medical School of Campos (FMC). The results showed that 66% of the population say they know what is Health Services Waste (RSS), but only 6,8% knew how to correctly classify the type of waste with its classification, proving the need to include the issue of waste management in the formation of health services. students and improving the training of employees in order to train professionals who are aware and responsible for public health and the environment.

Profissão farmacêutica em São Paulo: prática científica, ensino e gênero, 1895-1917 / Pharmaceutical profession in São Paulo: scientific practice, teaching and gender, 1895-1917

Expõe caminhos, alianças e disputas por meio dos quais farmacêuticos paulistas buscaram criar espaços de fala, atuação e ensino separados da medicinam, a partir de 1895

Perceptions and Attitudes towards Interprofessional Education in Medical Schools / 의학교육논단

Since the World Health Organization identified interprofessional education (IPE) as an important component in primary health care in the 1980s, medical and health sciences educators have continued to debate factors for implementing effective IPE in the classroom. Although IPE research is widespread internationally, few studies have been done in South Korea. This study explored the current status of IPE and examined factors that influence IPE in South Korea. A total of 30 (70%) out of 41 medical education experts in medical schools participated. Forty-seven percent of the participants reported that they allocated less than 5% of their time implementing IPE in the curriculum of their schools throughout the 4 years of medical school. Although all experts (100%) agreed that IPE is essential for medical students, they expressed practical difficulties in implementing IPE in the current education system. Factors that influence IPE are scheduling and curriculum (e.g., rigid curriculum vs. providing learning environment) and attitudes (e.g., lack of reciprocal respect vs. willingness to change). In addition, participants reported that communication skills and collaborative practice employing clinical practice or role-playing would be appropriate education methods and content for IPE in the future. The findings of this study provide a foundation for the implementation of IPE in South Korea. Future research directions for IPE in medical, nursing, and pharmacy schools are discussed.

Attitudes to proposed assessment of pharmacy skills in Korean pharmacist licensure examination / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: The survey aimed to obtain opinions about a proposed implementation of pharmacy skills assessment in Korean pharmacist licensure examination (KPLE). METHODS: A 16-question survey was distributed electronically to 2,738 people including 570 pharmacy professors of 35 pharmacy schools, 550 preceptors from 865 practice sites and 1,618 students who graduated in 2015. The survey solicited responses concerning the adequacy of the current KPLE in assessing pharmacy knowledge/skills/attitudes, deficiencies of pharmacy skills testing in assessing the professional competencies necessary for pharmacists, plans for pharmacy skills tests in the current KPLE, and subject areas of pharmacy practice. RESULTS: A total of 466 surveys were returned. The current exam is not adequate for assessing skills and attitudes according to 42%–48% of respondents. Sixty percent felt that skills test is necessary to assess qualifications and professional competencies. Almost two-thirds of participants stated that testing should be implemented within 5 years. More than 60% agreed that candidates should be graduates and that written and skills test scores can be combined for pass-fail decisions. About 70% of respondents felt that the test should be less than 2 hours in duration. Over half of the respondents thought that the assessor should be a pharmacy faculty member with at least 5 years of clinical experience. Up to 70% stated that activities related to patient care were appropriate and practical for the scope of skills test. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy skills assessment was supported by the majority of respondents.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak and Responsiveness of the Pharmacy Programs on the Pharmacy Practice Education

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy curriculum change was made from a 4-year program to a 2+4 year program in year 2009 in Korea. The change has resulted in more educational exposures on patient-centered practice environments for about 1,400 hours in the last year of the professional pharmacy program. When the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak hit Seoul and suburban areas and propagated to other provinces in Korea, emergency response to avoid student infection in the pharmacy practice sites became an urgent issue. While other health professional programs such as medicine and nursing had activated emergency preparedness manuals, timely and clear guidelines were not disseminated to all pharmacy programs and protective measures largely relied on individual pharmacy program. METHODS: A survey was developed by the Committee on Pharmacy Practice Experience Programs in the Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy to document the status of pharmacy programs during the Korea MERS outbreak in 2015. The 10-question survey was distributed to the pharmacy practice experience coordinators to 34 out of 35 pharmacy schools in Korea by emails. RESULTS: Our findings showed that 82.4% of the program coordinators (28/34) responded to the survey, 96.4% of the programs did not have emergency preparedness manuals, administrative meetings were held in 89.3% of the pharmacy programs, the rotation schedules were modified or withheld in 53.6% of schools, and the changes were mostly observed from the programs classified as MERS outbreak regions. CONCLUSION: Further needs in establishing the emergency preparedness manual should be explored for pharmacy education stakeholders.

Educational Goals Extracted from Homepages of Pharmacy Schools in Korea

BACKGROUND: The current educational goals and missions of pharmacy schools in Korea were analyzed to examine the current orientation and future direction of pharmaceutical education. METHODS: Educational mission statements were obtained from the homepages of 35 pharmacy schools and subjected to convert into codes. Themes and categories were induced using qualitative content-analysis from the codes and compared according to location of school (capital area versus province), public versus private, and date of initial enrollment (before versus in 2011). The themes and categories were compared with “the eight-star pharmacist” suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) and International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). RESULTS: Twelve themes, 44 categories, and 496 codes were identified. Themes included pharmaceutical expertise, professionalism, contribution to society, basic educational ideology, sphere of activity, leadership, research, dealing with future change, problem-solving ability, self-management and development, cooperation, and respect for life. Mission statements of schools that initially enrolled in 2011 cited humankind level contribution (p=0.011), patient-centered care (p=0.026), and globalization (p=0.018) more frequently than those enrolled before 2011. Most schools mentioned about care-giver, researcher, and decision-maker which were stated in “the eight-star pharmacist”. CONCLUSION: To meet the growing social requirements of a pharmacist's roles, wide-ranging active discussion on establishing educational goals should be made.

La Escuela de Farmacia en el contexto universitario cubano de enero de 1934 a marzo de 1937 / School of Pharmacy in the Cuban universitary context from January 1934 to March 1937

Se presentan los principales aspectos relativos al desempeño de la Escuela de Farmacia de la Universidad de La Habana desde enero de 1934 hasta marzo de 1937. Se destaca el diseño de un ambicioso plan de estudios, que no se pudo evaluar debidamente para su posible aplicación, a causa de la política represiva de los gobiernos de turno que impidió el desarrollo de las actividades académicas y docentes en la Universidad durante dos años. Asimismo se describe el proceso organización del curso extraordinario 1936-1937 bajo la dirección de las autoridades de la de nuevo independiente Facultad de Farmacia(AU)

The main aspects related to the performance of the School of Pharmacy of the University of Havana from January 1934 to March 1937 were presented in this article. The design of an ambitious curriculum was stressed, which could not be duly evaluated for its possible implementation as a result of the repressive policy of the governments in power that hindered the development of the academic activities in the university during two years. The article also described the process of organization of the extraordinary course 1936-1937 under the leadership of the authorities of the once again independent School of Pharmacy(AU)

Literatura, história e farmácia: um diálogo possível / Literature, history and pharmacy: a possible dialogue

No Centro de Memória da Faculdade de Farmácia da UFMG encontram-se documentos relativos à passagem de Carlos Drummond de Andrade pela instituição, fato que levou à reflexão sobre a presença da farmácia e do farmacêutico na literatura. Por meio de diálogo interdisciplinar e de pesquisa sobre elementos que comprovassem essa presença, sua efetiva participação e presença na literatura, buscou-se historicizar essa vinculação não só do poeta de Itabira, mas de outros homens de letras, sendo profissionais farmacêuticos ou inspirados por eles. Objetivou-se, igualmente, apontar alguns elementos que fundamentem e demonstrem a importância desse profissional na sociedade brasileira do final do século XIX e primeira metade do XX.

In the Memory Center of the Pharmacy School of UFMG there are documents relating to the passage of Carlos Drummond de Andrade through the institution, a fact that has led to reflection on the presence of the pharmacy and the pharmaceutical expert in literature. By means of interdisciplinary dialogue and research into elements that prove this presence, active participation and presence in the literature, an attempt was made to historicize these ties, not only of the poet from Itabira, but other men of letters, be they pharmaceutical professionals or people inspired by them. The objective was also to highlight some evidence that supports and demonstrates the importance of this professional in Brazilian society of the late-nineteenth century and early-twentieth century.

La Escuela de Farmacia en el contexto universitario de 1925 a 1933 / School of Pharmacy in the university setting from 1925 to 1933

Se presentan los principales aspectos relativos a la Escuela de Farmacia de la Universidad de La Habana entre 1925 y 1933, los cuales estuvieron marcados por las condiciones impuestas al país, y a la institución, por un gobierno dictatorial que se extendió desde mayo de 1925 hasta agosto de 1933. A lo largo de esos años el desempeño académico y docente de la Universidad se vio seriamente afectado porque, además de que los cinco primeros cursos transcurrieron en un ambiente de tensión, protestas, represión e irregularidad, fue clausurada en diciembre de 1930 por primera vez en su historia. Aunque esa medida fue derogada en mayo de 1932, concluyó el año 1933 sin que se pudiera dar inicio a un nuevo curso académico. Se destaca la figura del líder estudiantil Antonio Guiteras Holmes quien, después de concluir sus estudios de Farmacia, en 1927, continuó su lucha contra la tiranía y fue llamado a formar parte del gobierno provisional revolucionario, también conocido como gobierno de los cien días porque sólo pudo existir desde septiembre de 1933 hasta los primeros días de enero de 1934(AU)

The main aspects of the School of Pharmacy of the University of Havana from 1925 to 1933 were presented. They were influenced by the conditions imposed to the country and to the institution by a dictatorial government that ruled from May 1925 to August 1933. Throughout these years, the academic and teaching performance of the University of Havana was seriously hit because the first five academic courses took place in an environment full of tensions, protests, police repression and irregularities and the University was closed for the first time in December 1930. Although this measure was eliminated in May, 1932, the new academic year had not begun at the end of 1933 yet. The example of the university leader Antonio Guiteras Holmes was underlined in this paper. After finishing his Pharmacy studies in 1927, he continued struggling against the tyranny and was called to be part of the temporary revolutionary government, also known as the one hundred day government, because it only lasted from September 1933 to the early days of January, 1934(AU)

The Factors Related to the Intention of Hospital Pharmacists for taking the Role of a Preceptor

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy schools newly adopted a 6-year program strengthening clinical knowledge since 2011 in Korea. The clinical training under the guidance of preceptors at hospital sites is a requisite for pharmacy students during the last year of undergraduate course. It has been rarely studied on the hospital pharmacists' perspective regarding being a preceptor or teaching pharmacy students. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the hospital pharmacists' intention toward student training and to identify the relevant factors among the individual pharmacists' characteristics and working environment within the theoretical frame of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). METHOD: A mail-survey was conducted for pharmacists working in tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Incheon. The survey questionnaire consisting of 131 questions with a 5-likert scale was developed for investigating pharmacists' attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and the intention to teach pharmacy students as well as other demographic variables. To estimate the construct validity of components, factor analysis was conducted and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to estimate the reliability of the observed variables. Statistical analyses of one-way variance analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 53% (116/210) and the three constructs of attitude (r = .519), subjective norm (r = .233) and perceived control (r = .392) have appropriate correlations with the intention, proving the appropriateness of using the TPB model. Pharmacists working in inpatient (mean = 3.45) and outpatient clinics (mean = 3.34) generally showed positive intention for teaching. The attitude (beta = .432, p < 0.01) and perceived control (beta = .270, p < .01) constructs were significant predictors of the intention. Both age (r = 0.246, p = 0.017) and length of career (r = 0.310, p = 0.002) were positively related with the perceived control. CONCLUSION: Hospital pharmacists showed generally positive intention to provide student training in spite of the concern on their limited perceived behavioral control. Future research to find the actual barriers pharmacists faced in educating students need to be conducted.

Study of the UK Pharmacy Education and the Pharmacy Registration Assessment: In England and Wales

Pharmacy education and training is continuously evolving to meet the requirement from the society in the UK. Most pharmacy schools offer the Master of pharmacy degree which is a four year undergraduate programme followed by a year of pre-registration placement spanning a year supervised by a professional pharmacist who has at least 3 years' post-registration experience; however, some universities provide either a 5-year sandwich course where the pre-registration training is split up into two periods of 6 months or a 2-year OSPAP programme for those who are already qualified as a pharmacist outside of the UK. The GPhC has announced that the format of the registration assessment is set to change in 2016. The exam questions from 2016 will be more clinical, practical and based around a patient in a real-life scenario. This article addresses important aspects of UK pharmacy education such as university curriculum, training programme, and licence exam, therefore, could potentially offer a significant contribution to the debate about raising academic standards of pharmacy education in South Korea.

Comparison of Pharmacy Practice Experience in Pharmacy School between Korea and Canada

With the changes in the pharmacy curriculum from a 4 year program to a 6 year program in 2009, a new subject called Pharmacy Practice Experience (PPE) has been launched into the curriculum. The purpose of introducing this subject is to increase the competency of new pharmacy graduates in providing quality healthcare to the community. This study has been done, via comparison among different pharmacy schools in Canada and Korea, to ensure that the competency of future Korean pharmacists can be increased with the introduction of this subject. In general, the Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) in Korea consists of 60 hours while Canada consists of 320 hours (minimum). Furthermore, the Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) required in Korea is 1340 hours while Canada requires minimum of 960 hours. Specifically, comparing the Korean PPE curriculum to the PPE curriculums of University of Toronto (UT) and University of Waterloo (UW), UT and UW required a minimum of 75% and 89% direct clinical patient care experience respectively, either in hospital or community setting, compared to 45% in Korea; the remaining percentage in any of the universities can be fulfilled by taking other electives that may not require direct patient care experience. Observing these differences, it seems clear that the current PPE experience in Canada takes more of a patient focused approach than in Korea. Thus, with the recent movement in the Korean pharmacy community towards a more patient focused approach rather than a product focused approach, it would be beneficial to learn the differences between the PPE curriculums in Korea and Canada and apply any new understandings to the relatively newly introduced PPE program in Korea to further enhance the value of the new curriculum in helping to deliver quality patient care.

La carrera de Farmacia en Cuba desde el curso 1921-1922 hasta el 1924-1925 / Pharmacy studies in Cuba from the 1921-1922 academic course to the 1924-1925 course

La tercera década del siglo XX fue escenario de históricos acontecimientos en La Universidad de La Habana. El primero de ellos tuvo lugar a finales de 1921, cuando los estudiantes impidieron que el Consejo Universitario aprobara el otorgamiento de títulos honoríficos que deshonrarían a la institución. Un año después comenzaría la lucha estudiantil contra las irregularidades presentes en la Universidad, reflejo de las prácticas corruptas que se habían ido adueñando del país desde el mismo nacimiento de la República en 1902. Los estudiantes demandaron insistentemente la aplicación de una profunda reforma de los estudios superiores y la aprobación de la autonomía universitaria. También exigieron la depuración del claustro mediante denuncias que presentaron contra algunos catedráticos por su actitud indigna o su incapacidad para el ejercicio de la docencia. En diciembre de 1922 tendría lugar la constitución del Directorio de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de La Habana, el cual jugó un papel fundamental en la lucha por las demandas antes mencionadas. Se presentan los principales acontecimientos acaecidos en la Universidad de La Habana y en su Escuela de Farmacia desde el curso 1921-1922 hasta el 1924-1925, así como diversas informaciones académicas sobre esta última, incluida la relacionada con las acusaciones formuladas por el Directorio Estudiantil contra uno de sus profesores(AU)

The third decade of the 20th century witnessed historical events in Havana University. The first one took place at the end of 1921 when the university students hindered the approval of granting honorary titles that would damage the prestige of the institution. The following year was the beginning of the student´s struggle against the irregularities observed in the university, which reflected the corruption that had gradually taken the country over since the very inception of the Republic in 1902. The students persistently demanded the application of a deep reform in the higher education and the approval of the university autonomy. They also claimed for the purging of the faculty by denouncing the shameful attitudes of some professors or their lack of capacity to teaching. In December, 1922, there took place the setting up of the Directory of the Federation of Students at Havana University, an organization that played a leading role in the struggle for meeting the above-mentioned demands. The main events occurred at Havana University and at the School of Pharmacy from the 1921-1922 academic course through the 1924-1925 course, in addition to several academic pieces of information about the School of Pharmacy, including that related to allegations put forward by the Directory against one of the professors, were all presented in this article(/AU)

Importance of social pharmacy education in Libyan pharmacy schools: perspectives from pharmacy practitioners / 보건의료교육평가

The present study aims to explore the perceptions among pharmacy practitioners in Libya on the importance of social pharmacy education. A qualitative methodology was employed to conduct this study. Using a purposive sampling technique, a total of ten Libyan registered pharmacists were interviewed. Based on the content analysis of the interviews, two major themes emerged, namely the understanding of social pharmacy education and the need for incorporating social pharmacy courses into the pharmacy education curriculum. The majority of the respondents knew about the concept. Of those that had no prior knowledge of this term, half of them expressed interest in knowing more about it. There was a positive perception of introducing social pharmacy into the undergraduate curricula among the respondents, and they believed that it is necessary for future pharmacists to know about social pharmacy components. The findings from the pharmacy practitioners' evaluation suggest the need to incorporate social pharmacy courses into the curricula of all pharmacy schools in Libya.

La Escuela de Farmacia en la Universidad de La Habana desde 1902 hasta 1910 / The School of Pharmacy in the University of Havana from 1902 to 1910

Es indudable que la intervención del ejército de los Estados Unidos en la guerra revolucionaria cubana de 1895 y el período de ocupación militar que le siguió, conllevaron el cumplimiento del objetivo final de la política, que ese país se había trazado en relación con Cuba durante todo el siglo XIX. Por tal motivo, al marcharse de la isla en mayo de 1902, las autoridades interventoras dejaron asegurada la existencia de una república mediatizada e irremediablemente atada a los designios de su vecino del norte. La historia de la Universidad de La Habana, que había sido fiel reflejo de los principales hechos acontecidos en Cuba durante su etapa colonial, continuaría siéndolo a lo largo de la existencia de la república mediatizada. Se presentan los hechos más relevantes acontecidos durante los primeros ocho cursos académicos en la Escuela de Farmacia de la Universidad de La Habana, lapso en el que se produjo una segunda intervención militar estadounidense en el país y continuaron vigentes el reglamento universitario de 1901 y el plan de estudios de 1900 (plan Varona). También se ofrece información sobre los resultados académicos, la conformación del cuadro docente y los graduados de la Escuela de Farmacia en el transcurso del mencionado período

Beyond any doubt, the US army intervention in the Cuban revolutionary war in 1895 and the subsequent military occupation paved the way for that country to attain its ultimate political objective in relation to Cuba in the 19th century. For this reason, when the interventionist authorities left the island in May 1902, they made sure of the existence of a republic inevitably tied to the plans of the Northern neighbour. The history of the University of Havana, which had been the pure reflection of the main events occurred in Cuba during the colonial times, would continue playing the same role in the republic under US influence. This paper presented the most relevant developments in the first eight academic courses in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Havana, a period of time when the second US military intervention took place and the university set of rules of 1901 and the syllabus of 1900 (Varona's plan) remained in effect. Pieces of information on the academic results, the composition of the faculty and the graduates of the School of Pharmacy in this period were also provided